Like all other cultures, Kashmiri society is split along caste, class, and religious lines. A certain area of this hierarchy is favoured at the expense of other sections due to the way it is set up. The role of Kashmiri society's highest-ranking religious and spiritual figures, known as pirs and mullahs, will be discussed in this context. Along with the mass exploitation, their negative impact on society as a whole will be examined. Additionally, an attempt will be made to include other societal segments that contributed to the spread of modern education, limiting the influence of this privileged class.
- 1. Bamzai, P.N.K. A History of Kashmir Political-Social-Cultural from Earliest Times to Present Day. Srinagar, Gulshan Books, 2008, p. 522.
- 2. Bamzai, P.N.K. Socio-Economic History of Kashmir 1846-1925. Srinagar, Gulshan Books, 2007, pp. 393-94.
- 3. Bazaz, Prem Nath. Daughters of Vitasta A History of Kashmiri Women from Early Times to the Present Day. New Delhi, Pamposh Publications, 1959, p. 210.
- 4. Biscoe, Tyndale. Kashmir in Sunlight and Shade. London, Seeley Service and Co., 1922, pp. 263-268.
- 5. Dass, Thakur K. N. A Study of Ideals of Christian Pioneers in Education in Kashmir. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Education, University of Kashmir, 1983, p. 251.
- 6. Ganie, M. Y. Modern Education and The Rise of Political Consciousness in Kashmir (1846-1931). IHC, Proceedings, 65th session, 2004, p. 982.
- 7. Hajini, Mohiddain. Grees Sund Gareh. Srinagar, Halka Adab Sonawari, Hajan, 2011, pp. 52-54.
- 8. Hassnain, F. M. Freedom Struggle in Kashmir. New Delhi, Rima Publication House, 1988, p. 27.
- 9. Kachru, Onkar, and Kaul, Shyam. Jammu-Kashmir-Ladakh Ringside Views. Edited by New Delhi, Khama Publishers, 1998, p. 210.
- 10. Khan, G. H. Freedom Movement in Kashmir. New Delhi, Light and Life Publishers, 1980, p. 23.
- 11. Khan, Mohammad Ishaq. History of Srinagar 1846-1947 A Study in Socio-Cultural Change. Srinagar, Aamir Publications, 1978, p. 107.
- 12. Koul, K. Maharaj. A Sociolinguistic Study of Kashmir. Patiala, Indian Institute of Language Studies, 1986, p. 7.
- 13. Lawrence, Walter. The Valley of Kashmir. Srinagar, Gulshan Books, 2011 (reprint), pp. 291-293.
- 14. Neve, Earnest F. Things Seen in Kashmir. London, Seeley Service and Co., 1906, p. 66.
- 15. Rai, Mridu. Islam, Rights and the History of Kashmir, Hindu Rulers Muslim Subjects. Ranikhet, Permanent Black, 2007, pp. 37-40.
- 16. The Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. xv. London, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of the Staff for India in Council, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1908, p. 102.
- 17. Thorp, Robert. Kashmir Misgovernment. Srinagar, Gulshan Publishers, 1980. Edited by F. M. Hassnian, p. 79.
- 18. Vinge, G.T. Travels in Kashmir, Ladakh, Iskardo, vol. ii. Srinagar, Gulshan Books, 2008, p. 170.
- 19. Wani, Mushtaq Ahmad. Muslim Religious Trends in Kashmir in Modern Times. Patna, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, 1997, p. 35.
- 20. Zahid, Mohammad. Kashmiri Language and Poetry. Translated by Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, 1981, p. 211.
- 21. Zutshi, Chitralekha. Languages of Belonging. Delhi, Permanent Black, 2003, p. 46.
